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Related Concept Videos

Uncertainty: Overview00:59

Uncertainty: Overview

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In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
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Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error00:59

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An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
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Uncertainty: Confidence Intervals00:54

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The confidence interval is the range of values around the mean that contains the true mean. It is expressed as a probability percentage. The interpretation of a 95% confidence interval, for instance, is that the statistician is 95% confident that the true mean falls within the interval. The upper and lower limits of this range are known as confidence limits. The confidence limits for the true mean are estimated from the sample's mean, the standard deviation, and the statistical factor...
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Anxiety: Overview01:18

Anxiety: Overview

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Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.
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The Uncertainty Principle04:08

The Uncertainty Principle

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Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...
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Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error01:10

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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat
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Understanding anxiety through uncertainty quantification.

Friederike Elisabeth Hedley1, Emmett Larsen2, Aprajita Mohanty2

  • 1Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.

British Journal of Psychology (London, England : 1953)
|January 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study clarifies the concept of uncertainty in anxiety research by proposing a structured definition. This framework aids in understanding anxiety mechanisms and developing better treatments.

Keywords:
Bayesian theoryanxietyintolerance of uncertaintyresearch domain criteriauncertainty quantification

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Computational Psychiatry

Background:

  • Uncertainty is central to anxiety theories but lacks consistent definitions.
  • This ambiguity impedes research into anxiety's cognitive and biological underpinnings.
  • It also hinders theory development and clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a well-defined conceptual structure for uncertainty in cognitive and clinical sciences, focusing on anxiety.
  • To clarify the concept of uncertainty and its role in psychopathology.
  • To facilitate the formal quantification of uncertainty for research and clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Drawing upon uncertainty decomposition from Bayesian Decision Theory.
  • Applying this framework to existing models of psychopathology research.
  • Discussing the application of the conceptual structure to anxiety.

Main Results:

  • A proposed conceptual structure for uncertainty in the context of anxiety.
  • Demonstration of how this structure clarifies existing theoretical frameworks.
  • Identification of methods for formal quantification of different uncertainty types.

Conclusions:

  • A unified conceptual structure for uncertainty enhances the study of anxiety.
  • Formal quantification of uncertainty can advance computational psychiatry.
  • This framework supports improved diagnoses and interventions for anxiety disorders.