Measuring transcription factor function with cell type-specific somatic transgenesis in chicken embryos

Retroviral-mediated misexpression in chicken embryos has been a powerful research tool for developmental biologists in the last two decades. In the RCASBP retroviral vectors that are widely used for in vivo somatic transgenesis, a coding sequence of interest is under the transcriptional control of a strong viral promoter in the long terminal repeat. While this has proven to be effective for studying secreted signalling proteins, interpretation of the mechanisms of action of nuclear factors is more difficult using this system since it is not clear whether phenotypic effects are cell-autonomous or not, and therefore whether they represent a function of the endogenous protein. Here, we report the consequences of retroviral expression using the RCANBP backbone, in which the transcription factor Dlx5 is expressed under the control of chondrocyte-specific regulatory sequences from the Col2a1 gene. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a tissue-specific phenotype in the chicken embryo.