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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

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In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded...
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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
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Telomere dynamics in human pluripotent stem cells.

Buyun Ma1, Paula Martínez1, Raúl Sánchez-Vázquez1

  • 1Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)
|January 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) lengthen telomeres and gain embryonic stem cell (ESC) features during reprogramming. These hiPSCs maintain telomere stability and genome integrity, crucial for regenerative therapies.

Keywords:
TelomeraseTelomereshESCshiPSCs

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Telomere biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are vital for regenerative medicine, requiring robust telomere maintenance for proliferation and genome stability.
  • Established human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) possess stable telomeres maintained by telomerase, not homologous recombination pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate telomere dynamics and epigenetic modifications during the reprogramming of somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs).
  • To compare telomere length, chromatin marks, and genome stability between hiPSCs and hESCs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of telomere length dynamics during hiPSC generation.
  • Assessment of telomeric chromatin marks (histone methylation, HP1, TRF2) in hiPSCs and hESCs.
  • Evaluation of telomere-associated transcripts (TERRAs).
  • DNA damage assays and genome stability assessments in both cell types.

Main Results:

  • hiPSCs exhibit progressive telomere lengthening, reaching lengths comparable to hESCs.
  • hiPSCs acquire ESC-specific telomeric chromatin marks, including reduced H3K9/H4K20 trimethylation and HP1, with altered TRF2 abundance.
  • Increased TERRAs abundance observed in hiPSCs alongside hESCs.
  • Both hESCs and hiPSCs demonstrate protected telomeres from DNA damage and maintain genome stability.

Conclusions:

  • hiPSCs acquire key telomere maintenance features and epigenetic marks characteristic of hESCs during reprogramming.
  • The study reveals crucial aspects of telomere biology in human pluripotent stem cells, supporting their potential in regenerative applications.