Bladder Cancer and the Urinary Microbiome-New Insights and Future Directions: A Review

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Urology
• Oncology

Background:

• Recent technological advancements confirm a urinary tract microbiome with over 100 species.
• The urinary microbiome's role in carcinogenesis, potentially via inflammation and genotoxicity, requires further investigation.
• Common urinary microbes include Lactobacillus, Gardnerella, and Streptococcus.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and synthesize current research on the urinary microbiome's contribution to bladder cancer development.
• To explore the mechanisms linking the urinary microbiome to bladder cancer, including immune system alterations.
• To highlight the need for understanding diet, lifestyle, and treatment impacts on the urinary microbiome.

Main Methods:

• Narrative review of publications from Medline/PubMed and Google Scholar.
• Keyword search included "urinary microbiome," "bladder cancer," "carcinogenesis," "urothelial carcinoma," and "next-generation sequencing."
• Retrieved studies were analyzed to assess the urinary microbiome's role in bladder cancer emergence.

Main Results:

• The urinary microbiome comprises over 100 species, with Lactobacillus, Gardnerella, and Streptococcus being prevalent.
• Evidence suggests the urinary microbiome may contribute to bladder cancer through chronic inflammation and genotoxicity.
• The microbiome influences immune responses involving T-cells and antibodies, potentially impacting cancer development.

Conclusions:

• The urinary microbiome plays a role in bladder cancer development and progression.
• Understanding the urinary microbiome's interaction with the immune system is crucial for cancer therapy.
• Further research on diet, lifestyle, and treatment effects on the urinary microbiome is warranted for improved patient outcomes.