Aortic arch shape after arch repair predicts exercise capacity: a multicentre analysis

Coarctation of the aorta is associated with long-term morbidity including decreased exercise capacity, despite successful repair. In the absence of discrete recoarctation, the haemodynamic mechanism remains unknown. This multicentre study evaluated the relationship between aorta shape, flow, and exercise capacity in patients after arch repair, specifically through the lens of aortic size mismatch and descending aortic (DAo) flow and their association with exercise.

Cardiac magnetic resonance, cardiopulmonary exercise test, and echocardiogram data within 1 year were analysed from 58 patients (age 28 ± 10 years, 48% male) across four centres with history of isolated arch repair. Aortic arch measurements were correlated with % predicted VO2_max with subgroup analyses of those with residual arch obstruction, bicuspid aortic valve, and hypertension. Ascending aorta (AAo) to DAo diameter ratio (D_AAo/D_DAo) was negatively correlated with % predicted VO2_max. %DAo flow positively correlated with VO2_max. Sub-analyses demonstrated that the negative correlation of D_AAo/D_DAo with VO2_max was maintained only in patients without arch obstruction and with a bicuspid aortic valve. Smaller aortic arch measurements were associated with both hypertension and exercise-induced hypertension.

Aorta size mismatch, due to AAo dilation or small DAo, and associated decreased %DAo flow, correlated significantly with decreased exercise capacity after aortic arch repair. These correlations were stronger in patients without arch obstruction and with a bicuspid aortic valve. Aorta size mismatch and %DAo flow capture multiple mechanisms of altered haemodynamics beyond blood pressure gradient or discrete obstruction and can inform the definition of a successful repair.