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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

Published on: June 20, 2019

Polyacetylene-Based Asymmetric Bicyclic Polymer by Blocking-Cyclization Technique.

Cuihong Ma^1,2, Hao Wang¹, Ruyi Sun¹

¹School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications

|January 16, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers synthesized a rare asymmetric bicyclic polymer with varying conjugated polyacetylene ring sizes. This novel cyclic polymer topology was controlled by monomer-to-catalyst ratio, expanding polymer diversity.

Keywords:

asymmetric bicyclic polymer blocking‐cyclization technique metathesis cyclopolymerization photoelectric properties topology

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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

Area of Science:

Polymer Chemistry
Organic Synthesis
Materials Science

Background:

Cyclic polymers offer unique properties compared to their linear counterparts.
Controlled synthesis of complex polymer topologies remains a challenge.
Asymmetric structures are less explored in cyclic polymer research.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize a novel asymmetric bicyclic polymer with distinct ring sizes.
To establish control over cyclic polymer topology via synthesis parameters.
To investigate the properties and morphology of the new polymer structure.

Main Methods:

Metathesis cyclopolymerization-mediated blocking-cyclization technique.
Adjustment of monofunctional monomer to catalyst feed ratio for topological control.
Characterization of polymer topology and morphology using various analytical techniques.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of a rare asymmetric bicyclic polymer with differing conjugated polyacetylene segment lengths.
Direct visualization of the polymer's morphology without post-modification.
Demonstration of tunable topology by controlling the monomer-to-catalyst ratio.
Investigation of the synthesized polymer's photoelectric and thermal properties.

Conclusions:

The study presents a new pathway for creating diverse cyclic polymer architectures.
The developed technique allows for precise control over asymmetric bicyclic polymer topology.
This work enriches the class of cyclic polymers with unique structural features.