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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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A High-content In Vitro Pancreatic Islet β-cell Replication Discovery Platform
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Beta-cell compensation and gestational diabetes.

Taofeek O Usman1, Goma Chhetri1, Hsuan Yeh1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|January 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs when pregnant women develop glucose intolerance. Proper beta-cell compensation is key to overcoming insulin resistance and preventing GDM.

Keywords:
gestational diabetesinsulin resistanceβ-cell compensationβ-cell mass

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) involves glucose intolerance during pregnancy.
  • Pregnancy induces maternal insulin resistance, necessitating increased insulin production.
  • Maternal adiposity and gestational age are linked to GDM pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical and preclinical evidence on beta-cell compensation in GDM.
  • To highlight molecules integrating hormonal signals for beta-cell compensation.
  • To provide mechanistic insights into beta-cell decompensation in GDM etiology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical evidence.
  • Analysis of preclinical research.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Beta-cell compensation is crucial for overcoming pregnancy-induced insulin resistance.
  • Specific molecules are vital for integrating gestational hormones with beta-cell function.
  • Failure of beta-cell compensation contributes to GDM development.

Conclusions:

  • Beta-cell compensation is essential for preventing GDM.
  • Understanding beta-cell decompensation mechanisms is key to GDM research.
  • Further investigation into molecular pathways is warranted.