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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Post-translational Modification of PD-1: Potential Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Te-An Lee1,2, En-Yun Tsai1,3, Shou-Hou Liu1

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Targeting post-translational modifications (PTM) of Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) in T cells can overcome immune suppression in cancer. This approach enhances antitumor immunity and improves responses to anti-PD-1 therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Effector T cell activation upregulates Programmed Death-1 (PD-1), which inhibits T cell activity via its ligand PD-L1.
  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) like glycosylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and palmitoylation critically regulate PD-1 protein stability, localization, and interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore targeting PD-1 PTMs as a therapeutic strategy to enhance antitumor immunity.
  • To investigate methods for modulating PD-1 PTMs to overcome PD-1-mediated immunosuppression in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating small-molecule inhibitors to suppress signaling pathways inducing PD-1 PTMs.
  • Utilizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to directly target PD-1 PTMs on T cells.

Main Results:

  • Preliminary studies indicate that targeting PD-1 PTMs is a promising therapeutic strategy.
  • Modulating PD-1 PTMs shows potential to enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting PD-1 PTMs represents a novel approach to potentiate anti-PD-1 cancer immunotherapy.
  • Further research into PD-1 PTMs could lead to improved treatments for enhancing antitumor responses.