Continuous ammonia synthesis from water and nitrogen via contact electrification

We synthesized ammonia (NH₃) by bubbling nitrogen (N₂) gas into bulk liquid water (200 mL) containing 50 mg polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles (~5 µm in diameter) suspended with the help of a surfactant (Tween 20, ~0.05 vol.%) at room temperature (25 °C). Electron spin resonance spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations reveal that water acts as the proton donor for the reduction of N₂. Moreover, isotopic labeling of the N₂ gas shows that it is the source of nitrogen in the ammonia. We propose a mechanism for ammonia generation based on the activation of N₂ caused by electron transfer and reduction processes driven by contact electrification. We optimized the pH of the PTFE suspension at 6.5 to 7.0 and employed ultrasonic mixing. We found an ammonia production rate of ~420 μmol L^-1 h^-1 per gram of PTFE particles for the conditions described above. This rate did not change more than 10% over an 8-h period of sustained reaction.