High-fidelity, low-cost synthetic training model for fetoscopic spina bifida repair
Mirza A Ahmad1, Kanokwaroon Watananirun2, Felix De Bie2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Mr Ahmad and Dr Vander Poorten); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Mr Ahmad and Drs Watananirun, De Bie, Page, Vergote, Vercauteren, Joyeux, and Deprest); Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Mr Ahmad and Drs, Watananirun, De Bie, Page, Vergote, Vercauteren, Joyeux, and Deprest).
Background:
Fetoscopic spina bifida repair is increasingly being practiced, but limited skill acquisition poses a barrier to widespread adoption. Extensive training in relevant models, including both ex vivo and in vivo models may help. To address this, a synthetic training model that is affordable, realistic, and that allows skill analysis would be useful.
Objective:
This study aimed to create a high-fidelity model for training in the essential neurosurgical steps of fetoscopic spina bifida repair using synthetic materials. In addition, we aimed to obtain a cheap and easily reproducible model.
Study Design:
We developed a 3-layered, silicon-based model that resemble the anatomic layers of a typical myelomeningocele lesion. It allows for filling of the cyst with fluid and conducting a water tightness test after repair. A compliant silicon ball mimics the uterine cavity and is fixed to a solid 3-dimensional printed base. The fetal back with the lesion (single-use) is placed inside the uterine ball, which is reusable and repairable to allow for practicing port insertion and fixation multiple times. Following cannula insertion, the uterus is insufflated and a clinical fetoscopic or robotic or prototype instruments can be used. Three skilled endoscopic surgeons each did 6 simulated fetoscopic repairs using the surgical steps of an open repair. The primary outcome was surgical success, which was determined by water tightness of the repair, operation time <180 minutes and an Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills score of ≥18 of 25. Skill retention was measured using a competence cumulative sum analysis of a composite binary outcome of surgical success. Secondary outcomes were cost and fabrication time of the model.
Results:
We made a model that can be used to simulate the neurosurgical steps of spina bifida repair, including anatomic details, port insertion, placode release and descent, undermining of skin and muscular layer, and endoscopic suturing. The model was made using reusable 3-dimensional printed molds and easily accessible materials. The 1-time startup cost was €211, and each single-use, simulated myelomeningocele lesion cost €9.5 in materials and 50 minutes of working time. Two skilled endoscopic surgeons performed 6 simulated, 3-port fetoscopic repairs, whereas a third used a Da Vinci surgical robot. Operation times decreased by more than 30% from the first to the last trial. Six experiments per surgeon did not show an obvious Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills score improvement. Competence cumulative sum analysis confirmed competency for each surgeon.
Conclusion:
This high-fidelity, low-cost spina bifida model allows simulated dissection and closure of a myelomeningocele lesion. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
