Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Health-economic challenges for new Alzheimer's disease treatments.

The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease·2026

Same author

Not All Rules Are Equal: Rare Conditional Rules Shape Behaviour but Yield to Global Probability in Passive Listening.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026

Same author

Task-irrelevant human and robot head movements bias gaze in humans who follow them through virtual reality.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Violated expectations during locomotion through virtual environments: Age effects on gaze guidance.

Journal of vision·2025

Same author

Cost-Utility Analysis of Treatment Sequences for Moderate-to-Severe Crohn's Disease.

PharmacoEconomics·2025

Same author

No robust evidence for an effect of head-movement propensity on central bias in head-constrained scene viewing, despite an effect on fixation duration.

Journal of vision·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Neurorehabilitation Through EEG, Motor Imagery, and Virtual Reality

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Neurorehabilitation Through EEG, Motor Imagery, and Virtual Reality

Published on: May 10, 2024

Using event-related brain potentials to evaluate motor-auditory latencies in virtual reality.

Sascha Feder¹, Jochen Miksch^1,2, Sabine Grimm^1,2

¹Cognitive Systems Lab, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.

Frontiers in Neuroergonomics

|January 18, 2024

Summary

We used electroencephalography (EEG) to measure brain responses to delayed sounds in virtual reality. The P2 brainwave component can indicate how immersive a digital experience feels despite system latency.

Keywords:

N1 P2 delay electroencephalography (EEG)prediction virtual reality (VR)

More Related Videos

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

Published on: September 7, 2022

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function

Published on: January 26, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Neurorehabilitation Through EEG, Motor Imagery, and Virtual Reality

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Neurorehabilitation Through EEG, Motor Imagery, and Virtual Reality

Published on: May 10, 2024

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

Published on: September 7, 2022

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function

Published on: January 26, 2024

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Human-Computer Interaction
Virtual Reality

Background:

Real-world actions have immediate sensory feedback, but digital environments often introduce latency.
Latency in virtual reality (VR) can impact user experience.
Electroencephalography (EEG) offers an unobtrusive method to measure brain activity, specifically event-related potentials (ERPs), to assess user perception.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of system latency on user experience in VR using EEG.
To determine if specific ERP components can serve as objective measures of perceived latency and immersion.

Main Methods:

Participants (N=24) performed actions in a VR environment to trigger auditory events.
System latency between action and auditory feedback was manipulated.
EEG recorded brain activity, focusing on N1 and P2 components of ERPs, comparing self-generated vs. externally-generated sounds.

Main Results:

N1 amplitude was reduced for self-generated sounds compared to externally-generated sounds.
P2 amplitude showed a graded modulation with increasing latency, unlike N1.
This dissociation suggests different neural mechanisms underlying the self-generation effect and latency perception.

Conclusions:

The P2 component of event-related potentials is a promising neural marker for assessing the perceived immersiveness of digital environments.
P2 amplitude can quantify the impact of system latency on user experience in VR.
Findings contribute to understanding neural correlates of action-outcome prediction and sensory processing in interactive systems.