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Patients with Long-COVID (long-term symptoms after acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection) can learn new motor skills comparably to healthy individuals. However, they show slower initial performance and reduced overnight memory consolidation, suggesting potential executive dysfunction and procedural memory deficits.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Long-COVID, characterized by persistent symptoms post-acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, affects at least 15% of survivors.
  • Common Long-COVID symptoms include cognitive deficits like "brain fog" and impaired declarative memory.
  • The impact of Long-COVID on procedural motor skill learning and memory remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the capacity of individuals with Long-COVID to acquire and consolidate new procedural motor skills.
  • To compare early learning, skill acquisition rates, and memory consolidation between Long-COVID patients and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, cross-sectional, online case-control study involving a sequential motor skill typing task over two days.
  • Participants included patients with Long-COVID (symptoms >4 weeks) and age/sex-matched healthy controls (pandemic and pre-pandemic cohorts).
  • Key metrics included typing speed, accuracy, early learning (initial trials), learning rate, and overnight consolidation.

Main Results:

  • Early motor skill learning was comparable between Long-COVID patients and both control groups (p=0.82).
  • Patients with Long-COVID exhibited slower initial and final typing speeds on both training days.
  • A significant reduction in overnight memory consolidation was observed in the Long-COVID group, with a trend towards reduced learning rates.

Conclusions:

  • While initial learning of a new procedural motor skill is preserved in Long-COVID, slower performance suggests executive dysfunction.
  • Reduced overnight consolidation points to potential deficits in procedural memory formation in individuals with Long-COVID.
  • These findings highlight specific cognitive impairments that may persist long after SARS-CoV-2 infection.