Immune-like sandwich multiple hotspots SERS biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of NDKA biomarker in serum

Developing the rapid, specific, and sensitive tumor marker NDKA biosensor has become an urgent need in the field of early diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with the advantages of high sensitivity, high resolution as well as providing sample fingerprint, enables rapid and sensitive detection of tumor markers. However, many SERS biosensors rely on boosting the quantity of Raman reporter molecules on individual nanoparticle surfaces, which can result in nanoparticle agglomeration, diminishing the stability and sensitivity of NDKA detection. Here, we proposed an immune-like sandwich multiple hotspots SERS biosensor for highly sensitive and stable analysis of NDKA in serum based on molecularly imprinted polymers and NDKA antibody. The SERS biosensor employs an array of gold nanoparticles, which are coated with a biocompatible polydopamine molecularly imprinted polymer as a substrate to specifically capture NDKA. Then the biosensor detects NDKA through Raman signals as a result of the specific binding of NDKA to the SERS nanotag affixed to the capture substrate along with the formation of multiple hotspots. This SERS biosensor not only avoids the aggregation of nanoparticles but also presents a solution to the obstacles encountered in immune strategies for certain proteins lacking multiple antibody or aptamer binding sites. Furthermore, the practical application of the SERS biosensor is validated by the detection of NDKA in serum with the lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.25 pg/mL, meanwhile can detect NDKA of 10 ng/mL in mixed proteins solution, illustrating high sensitivity and specificity. This immune-like sandwich multiple hotspots biosensor makes it quite useful for the early detection of CRC and also provides new ideas for cancer biomarker sensing strategy in the future.