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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Transposable elements: multifunctional players in the plant genome.

Asmaa H Hassan1,2, Morad M Mokhtar1,2, Achraf El Allali1

  • 1Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Computing, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|January 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Transposable elements (TEs) are vital DNA sequences that drive genome evolution and adaptation. This review explores their structure, regulation, and applications in plant biotechnology, highlighting their role in gene editing and molecular markers.

Keywords:
TE transmissiongenome diversificationrepetitive DNA sequencessatellite DNAstransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences integral to eukaryotic genomes.
  • TEs influence gene regulation, DNA structure, recombination, and organismal adaptation.
  • These repetitive sequences significantly impact genome structure, function, and evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of transposable elements (TEs).
  • To explore the diverse applications of TEs in biotechnology, with a focus on plant biology.
  • To systematically understand TEs' roles in plant development, gene editing, and molecular markers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of transposable elements (TEs) in eukaryotic genomes.
  • Analysis of TEs' structure, epigenetic regulation, and evolutionary patterns.
  • Examination of TEs' applications in plant biotechnology, gene editing, and molecular markers.

Main Results:

  • TEs are crucial for gene regulation, recombination, and adaptation, driving genomic changes.
  • TEs serve as valuable markers for genetic mapping and phylogenetic analysis.
  • In plant biology, TEs are recognized for their extensive functionalities, termed 'genomic gold'.

Conclusions:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are key drivers of genome evolution and adaptation.
  • TEs offer significant potential in plant biotechnology for gene editing and developing molecular markers.
  • Further systematic understanding of TEs will unlock their full potential in plant science.