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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Tungsten and Boron Codoping toward High Ionic Conductivity and Stable Sodium Solid Electrolyte for All-Solid-State

Lan Wang1,2, Gaozhan Liu2, Yunming Li2

  • 1School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

New sodium solid electrolytes doped with tungsten (W) and boron (B) exhibit high ionic conductivity and stable interfaces for sodium metal anodes. This breakthrough enhances all-solid-state sodium battery performance.

Keywords:
Na3Sb0.95W0.05S3.95B0.05all-solid-state sodium batteryinterface compatibilityionic conductivitytungsten and boron codoping

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • High-performance all-solid-state sodium batteries require solid electrolytes with excellent ionic conductivity and interfacial stability with sodium metal.
  • Current solid electrolytes often face challenges related to sodium dendrite formation and poor contact with the sodium anode.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel sodium solid electrolytes with enhanced ionic conductivity and improved interfacial compatibility with sodium metal.
  • To investigate the electrochemical performance of tungsten (W) and boron (B) co-doped Na3SbS4 solid electrolytes for sodium-based batteries.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of W and B co-doped Na3SbS4 solid electrolytes via melt-quenching and annealing.
  • Characterization of ionic conductivity and interfacial stability using electrochemical techniques.
  • Fabrication and testing of sodium symmetric cells and TiS2/solid electrolyte/sodium batteries.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized Na3Sb0.95W0.05S3.95B0.05 solid electrolyte achieved a high ionic conductivity of 11.06 mS cm-1 at 25 °C.
  • The Na/solid electrolyte/Na symmetric cell demonstrated stable cycling for 500 hours at 0.05 mA cm-2, indicating good interfacial compatibility.
  • The TiS2/solid electrolyte/Na battery delivered an initial charge capacity of 164.1 mAh g-1 and retained 76.4% after 100 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • W and B co-doping is an effective strategy to enhance the ionic conductivity and interfacial stability of Na3SbS4-based solid electrolytes.
  • The developed solid electrolyte shows significant promise for enabling high-performance and safe all-solid-state sodium batteries.
  • This research offers a new pathway for designing advanced solid electrolytes for next-generation sodium batteries.