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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

52.3K
When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

4.5K
The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
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Neural Responses Underlying Interaural Time Difference Discrimination as a Function of Sensory Reliability in the Barn Owl.

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Neural responses underlying ITD discrimination as a function of sensory reliability in the barn owl.

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Auditory Competition and Stimulus Selection across Spatial Locations from Midbrain to Forebrain in Barn Owls.

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Single trial Bayesian inference by population vector readout in the barn owl's sound localization system.

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Auditory Competition and Coding of Relative Stimulus Strength across Midbrain Space Maps of Barn Owls.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Evaluation of Auditory Brainstem Response in Chicken Hatchlings
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Evaluation of Auditory Brainstem Response in Chicken Hatchlings

Published on: April 1, 2022

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Barn owls specialized sound-driven behavior: Lessons in optimal processing and coding by the auditory system.

Andrea Bae1, Jose L Peña1

  • 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA.

Hearing Research
|January 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The barn owl

Keywords:
Barn owlsBinaural hearingComparative investigationSound localization

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Comparative Psychology

Background:

  • The barn owl is a key animal model for studying brain mechanisms of sound localization.
  • Its specialized auditory system has yielded significant discoveries in auditory spatial mapping and cue detection.
  • These findings have advanced our understanding of hearing functions and spatial hearing theories across species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review insights from the barn owl model system on brain mechanisms of spatial hearing.
  • To examine how barn owl research validates mathematical computations and theories of optimal hearing.
  • To discuss advancements in understanding developmental and experience-dependent plasticity in sound localization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of seminal findings from barn owl research on sound localization.
  • Analysis of studies investigating auditory spatial maps and cue detection mechanisms.
  • Examination of research on neural plasticity in the barn owl's auditory system.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a midbrain map of auditory space in barn owls.
  • Elucidation of mechanisms for spatial cue detection driving orienting behavior.
  • Identification of circuit-level changes related to development and plasticity in auditory processing.

Conclusions:

  • The barn owl model has been instrumental in understanding fundamental brain mechanisms of sound localization.
  • Research in barn owls validates theories of optimal hearing and spatial hearing across diverse species.
  • Future research can bridge commonalities in sound localization mechanisms across species using this model.