Clinical characteristics of electrical storm in patients with early repolarization syndrome
Hiroshi Morita1, Akira Ueoka2, Tomofumi Mizuno2
1Department of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan.
Background:
Early repolarization syndrome (ERS) is an idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF) associated with inferolateral J waves. While electrical storm (ES) in ERS is not rare, their characteristics and risk factors are not fully understood.
Objective:
This study aimed to clarify the significance of ES in ERS.
Methods:
We evaluated 44 patients with ERS who experienced VF/sudden cardiac death or arrhythmic syncope. We assessed clinical characteristics to identify the risk factors for ES.
Results:
In total, 13 patients (30%) experienced ES (ES group). Of these, 11 patients (85%) experienced ES during the acute phase of initial VF episodes and 2 patients (2%) experienced ES during follow-up. VF associated with ES occurred during therapeutic hypothermia in 6 of 13 patients (46%). The J-wave voltage during therapeutic hypothermia was higher in the ES group than that in the patients without ES. Isoproterenol was used in 5 patients (38%), which decreased J-wave voltage and relieved ES. Among the clinical markers, shorter QT and QTp intervals (the interval from QRS onset to the peak of T wave), pilsicainide-induced ST elevation, and high scores on the Shanghai Score System were associated with ES. Although pilsicainide induced ST elevation in 6 of 34 patients (18%), spontaneous Brugada electrocardiographic patterns did not appear to be associated with VF. Therapeutic hypothermia was also a risk factor for acute phase ES.
Conclusion:
Patients with ERS in the ES group frequently had short QT and QTp intervals, pilsicainide-induced ST elevations, and high Shanghai Score System scores. Therapeutic hypothermia was also associated with acute phase ES.
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