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Related Concept Videos

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Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions
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Force on a sphere suspended in flowing granulate.

Jing Wang1, Bo Fan2,3, Tivadar Pongó4,5

  • 1Institute of Physics, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.

Physical Review. E
|January 20, 2024
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Summary

The force on an obstacle in flowing granular materials depends on particle friction. Low-friction materials exert drag and hydrostatic-like pressure, while high-friction materials show flow-rate independent forces and pressure gradients.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics of granular materials
  • Fluid dynamics
  • Material science

Background:

  • Granular materials exhibit complex behaviors when flowing, influenced by particle properties.
  • Obstacles within flowing granular media experience forces from both gravity and fluid-like drag.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the forces exerted by flowing granular materials on an embedded obstacle.
  • To compare the behavior of frictional (hard glass beads) and nearly frictionless (soft hydrogel spheres) granular flows.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments involving a suspended sphere within a discharging silo filled with granular materials.
  • Systematic variation of obstacle diameter and granular material type (frictional vs. low-friction).

Main Results:

  • Frictional glass beads resulted in flow-rate independent forces on the obstacle.
  • Nearly frictionless hydrogel spheres added significant drag to the gravitational force.
  • Force dependence on obstacle diameter differed: quadratic for soft spheres, nearly linear for glass beads.

Conclusions:

  • Particle friction fundamentally alters the force dynamics on obstacles in granular flows.
  • Low-friction materials exhibit hydrostatic-like pressure profiles, while frictional materials show distinct pressure gradients.