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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Interface Science
  • Non-equilibrium Physics

Background:

  • Local thermodynamic equilibrium is often assumed for liquid-vapor interfaces.
  • This assumption may fail under strong deviations from equilibrium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the validity of local thermodynamic equilibrium for nonequilibrium interfaces.
  • To develop an extended thermodynamic description for interfaces under strong deviations from equilibrium.

Main Methods:

  • Applying Clausius-Clapeyron equations to bulk properties to define interface temperature.
  • Introducing structural variables to characterize interface states.
  • Analyzing the dependence of interfacial resistivities on interface temperature and fluxes.

Main Results:

  • A consistently defined interface temperature from bulk properties is close to the liquid bulk temperature.
  • An alternative interface temperature derived from surface tension differs significantly in strong nonequilibrium processes.
  • Interfacial resistivities are shown to depend on the interface temperature and mass/heat flux.

Conclusions:

  • The assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium is not universally valid for liquid-vapor interfaces in nonequilibrium processes.
  • Structural variables and distinct interface temperature definitions are necessary for a more comprehensive thermodynamic description.
  • Understanding these factors is crucial for accurately modeling interfacial phenomena and transport properties.