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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Differentiated high grade thyroid carcinomas: Diagnostic consideration and clinical features.

I Tondi Resta¹, M A Gubbiotti², K T Montone¹

¹Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Human Pathology

|January 20, 2024

Summary

Differentiated high-grade thyroid carcinomas (DHGTCs) are aggressive, rare tumors. Our study characterizes their features, highlighting the need for careful assessment for recurrence and prognosis in well-differentiated thyroid neoplasms.

Keywords:

DHGTC Differentiated high grade thyroid carcinoma Fine needle aspiration Thyroid cancer Thyroid malignancy

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Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Published on: June 9, 2023

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Published on: June 2, 2023

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Pathology

Background:

Differentiated high-grade thyroid carcinomas (DHGTCs) represent a novel diagnostic entity introduced in the 2022 WHO Classification.
Limited literature exists on DHGTCs, necessitating further case studies and characterization.

Conclusions:

DHGTCs are rare but aggressive thyroid tumors.
Accurate assessment of DHGTCs is crucial for determining prognosis and managing potential recurrence.
Further research is needed to fully understand the behavior and optimal management of DHGTCs.