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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Transposon Removal Reveals Their Adaptive Fitness Contribution.

Susanne Cranz-Mileva1, Eve Reilly1, Noor Chalhoub1

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Transposable elements, like the Tf2 retrotransposon in yeast, can benefit their host genome. Removing Tf2 impaired mitochondrial gene regulation and host fitness, suggesting adaptive roles.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic sequences that replicate within genomes.
  • While often viewed as genomic parasites, TEs can also drive genome evolution and provide adaptive benefits.
  • The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe harbors the Tf2 long terminal repeat retrotransposon family.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fitness consequences of transposable element insertions in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome.
  • To determine the specific role of the Tf2 retrotransposon family in host fitness and genome evolution.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which Tf2 influences host physiology.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic removal of all Tf2 long terminal repeat retrotransposon insertions from the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome.
  • Phenotypic analysis of Tf2-ablated yeast strains under various growth conditions.
  • Assessment of gene expression, particularly mitochondrial gene regulation, in wild-type versus Tf2-ablated strains.

Main Results:

  • Ablation of Tf2 elements resulted in a significant negative fitness effect on the host Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
  • Tf2 removal led to altered regulation of a specific mitochondrial gene.
  • The observed fitness effects were dependent on the growth conditions, indicating context-specific contributions of Tf2.

Conclusions:

  • Tf2 long terminal repeat retrotransposons contribute positively to the fitness of their Schizosaccharomyces pombe host.
  • Tf2 elements appear to play a role in modulating the host's transcriptional response to metabolic stress, potentially via mitochondrial gene regulation.
  • These findings suggest that Tf2 retrotransposons can act as adaptive elements, dynamically influencing host fitness in response to environmental cues.