Naringin-induced M2 macrophage polarization facilitates osteogenesis of BMSCs and improves cranial bone defect...

Osteoimmunology has uncovered the critical role of the immune microenvironment in the bone healing process, with macrophages playing a central part in generating immune responses via chemokine production. Naringin, a flavanone glycoside extracted from various plants, has been shown to promote osteoblast differentiation, thereby enhancing bone formation and mitigating osteoporosis progression. Current research on the osteogenic mechanism primarily focuses on the direct impact of naringin on mesenchymal stem cells, while its indirect immunoregulatory effects remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the bone defect-enhancing effects of varying naringin concentrations in vivo using a cranial bone defect model in Sprague-Dawley rats. We assessed the osteoimmune modulation capacity of naringin by exposing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages to different doses of naringin. To further elucidate the underlying osteogenic enhancement mechanism, Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (BMSCs) derived from mice were treated with conditioned media from naringin-treated macrophages. Our findings indicated that naringin promotes M2 phenotype polarization in macrophages, as evidenced by the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, and the upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in osteoblast differentiation and anti-inflammatory response pathways in naringin-pretreated macrophages, with the cytokines signaling pathway being upregulated. The conditioned media from naringin-treated macrophages stimulated the expression of osteogenic-related genes Alkaline phosphatase (Alp), osteocalcin (Ocn), osteopontin (Opn), and Runt-related transcription factor (Runx) 2, as well as protein expression in BMSCs. In conclusion, naringin alleviates macrophage inflammation by promoting M2 phenotype polarization, which in turn enhances the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, contributing to its bone healing effects in vivo. These results suggest that naringin holds significant potential for improving bone defect healing through osteoimmune modulation.