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Related Concept Videos

Masking and Demasking Agents01:19

Masking and Demasking Agents

EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
There are many masking agents, such as cyanide, fluoride, triethanolamine, thiourea, and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol (formerly 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol), with the masking agent chosen based on the metal...
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...

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Alternative Assisted Extraction Methods of Phenolic Compounds Using NaDESs.

Mario Coscarella1, Monica Nardi1, Kalina Alipieva2

  • 1Department of Health Sciences, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta", Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) offer eco-friendly alternatives for extracting phenolic compounds from olive oil byproducts. These green solvents, combined with techniques like microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), show promise for sustainable industrial applications.

Keywords:
bioactive compoundsdeep eutectic solventenvironmental extractiongreen chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Green Analytical Chemistry
  • Sustainable Solvents
  • Phytochemical Extraction

Background:

  • The industry is shifting towards eco-friendly principles, prioritizing less harmful solvents for manufacturing.
  • Green analytical chemistry (GAC) promotes the use of green solvents, with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) emerging as highly promising.
  • These solvents exhibit unique features and broad applications, particularly in extracting small bioactive compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel 'solvent-free' extraction techniques, focusing on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE).
  • To evaluate the potential of DESs and NaDESs as effective solvents for extracting phenolic compounds (PCs) from various olive oil-related matrices.
  • To assess the nature, efficacy, and selectivity of DESs/NaDESs in extracting specific bioactive phytochemicals.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advancements in 'solvent-free' extraction techniques, including MAE and UAE.
  • Analysis of DESs and NaDESs for extracting phenolic compounds from virgin olive pomace, leaves, twigs, virgin/extra virgin olive oil, olive cake, and olive mill wastewaters.
  • Examination of experimental designs and process optimization studies for promising DESs/NaDESs.

Main Results:

  • DESs and NaDESs demonstrate significant potential as effective and selective solvents for phenolic compounds.
  • MAE and UAE, in conjunction with DESs/NaDESs, offer efficient methods for extracting bioactive compounds like secoiridoids, lignans, phenolic acids, and alcohols.
  • The reviewed literature supports the viability of DESs/NaDESs as sustainable alternatives to petrochemicals.

Conclusions:

  • DESs and NaDESs are viable green alternatives to traditional solvents for extracting valuable compounds from olive industry byproducts.
  • The combination of these novel solvents with advanced extraction techniques like MAE and UAE enhances efficiency and sustainability.
  • These findings support the broader application of DESs/NaDESs in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.