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Related Concept Videos

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
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Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types01:27

Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types

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Gastritis, defined by the inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining or gastric mucosa, manifests in several distinct forms: acute, chronic, reactive, and a specific subtype known as autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis.
Acute gastritis presents as a sudden inflammation triggered by various stressors to the stomach lining, such as exposure to corrosive agents, local irritants like aspirin and other NSAIDs, alcohol consumption, radiation therapy, physical trauma, severe burns, sepsis,...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

442
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Liver Regeneration01:24

Liver Regeneration

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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
Cells of Liver
The liver comprises four major types of cells— hepatocytes, stellate, Kupffer, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The hepatocytes are...
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Autoimmune Hepatitis: From Evolution to Current Status-A Pathologist's Perspective.

Puja Sakhuja1, Surbhi Goyal1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi 110002, India.

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Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an immune-mediated liver disease. Diagnosis relies on integrating clinical, biochemical, serologic, and liver biopsy findings, with evolving criteria emphasizing histology.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease caused by immune system dysfunction.
  • It can progress to cirrhosis if untreated and is often misdiagnosed.
  • AIH predominantly affects young women but can occur in all age groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolving diagnostic criteria for AIH.
  • To highlight the limitations and utility of current diagnostic approaches.
  • To emphasize the crucial role of liver histology in AIH diagnosis and management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and diagnostic guidelines for AIH.
  • Analysis of modifications to diagnostic and histologic criteria.
  • Emphasis on the integration of clinical, biochemical, serologic, and histologic data.

Main Results:

  • No single biomarker or histologic feature is pathognomonic for AIH.
  • Diagnostic criteria have evolved since 1993, with recent consensus on histologic criteria.
  • Liver biopsy is essential for diagnosis, staging, and excluding other conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate AIH diagnosis requires a comprehensive approach integrating multiple parameters.
  • Evolving diagnostic criteria, particularly histologic recommendations, improve AIH assessment.
  • Liver histology remains a cornerstone for diagnosing and managing autoimmune hepatitis.