Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

44.5K
Overview
44.5K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.1K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.1K
Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

18.3K
Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
18.3K
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

32.3K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
32.3K
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

10.6K
The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
10.6K
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

7.7K
Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
7.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Assessment of the healthcare burden of dengue disease in England: a retrospective analysis (2010-2023).

Journal of travel medicine·2026
Same author

Vaccination policies for healthcare personnel in Europe, 2026.

Vaccine·2026
Same author

Post-marketing safety evaluation of the live-attenuated chikungunya vaccine (IXCHIQ).

Vaccine·2026
Same author

Expert opinion on improving influenza vaccination coverage rate in Qatar: Strategic solutions and role of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV).

Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics·2026
Same author

Infectious diseases, infection control, vaccines and long-term care: an European interdisciplinary Council on ageing consensus document.

Aging clinical and experimental research·2025
Same author

Why not a 95-95-95 strategy for influenza by 2030?

Pulmonology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Efficient Transfection of In vitro Transcribed mRNA in Cultured Cells Using Peptide-Poloxamine Nanoparticles
10:16

Efficient Transfection of In vitro Transcribed mRNA in Cultured Cells Using Peptide-Poloxamine Nanoparticles

Published on: August 17, 2022

3.3K

Responses to Common Misconceptions Relating to COVID-19 Variant-Adapted mRNA Vaccines.

George Kassianos1,2, Pauline MacDonald3, Ivan Aloysius4

  • 1Royal College of General Practitioners, London NW1 2FB, UK.

Vaccines
|January 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

As SARS-CoV-2 evolves, updated COVID-19 vaccines targeting new variants like XBB are developed. This article addresses concerns about these variant-adapted mRNA vaccines to improve vaccine acceptance.

Keywords:
BNT162b2COVID-19SARS-CoV-2SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variantmRNA vaccinesvaccination hesitancy

More Related Videos

Synthesis and Characterization of mRNA-Loaded PolyBeta Aminoesters Nanoparticles for Vaccination Purposes
08:27

Synthesis and Characterization of mRNA-Loaded PolyBeta Aminoesters Nanoparticles for Vaccination Purposes

Published on: August 13, 2021

4.5K
Using Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Chemically Modified mRNA into Mammalian Cells
10:02

Using Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Chemically Modified mRNA into Mammalian Cells

Published on: June 10, 2022

2.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Efficient Transfection of In vitro Transcribed mRNA in Cultured Cells Using Peptide-Poloxamine Nanoparticles
10:16

Efficient Transfection of In vitro Transcribed mRNA in Cultured Cells Using Peptide-Poloxamine Nanoparticles

Published on: August 17, 2022

3.3K
Synthesis and Characterization of mRNA-Loaded PolyBeta Aminoesters Nanoparticles for Vaccination Purposes
08:27

Synthesis and Characterization of mRNA-Loaded PolyBeta Aminoesters Nanoparticles for Vaccination Purposes

Published on: August 13, 2021

4.5K
Using Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Chemically Modified mRNA into Mammalian Cells
10:02

Using Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Chemically Modified mRNA into Mammalian Cells

Published on: June 10, 2022

2.2K

Area of Science:

  • Virology and Immunology
  • Vaccine Development
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, necessitating updated vaccine strategies.
  • Waning immunity from original coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines requires booster doses.
  • Emergence of Omicron sub-lineages and recombinant XBB strains prompted the development of new vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address common concerns regarding the development and use of COVID-19 variant-adapted mRNA vaccines.
  • To clarify the scientific basis for updated vaccine formulations.
  • To combat vaccine fatigue and hesitancy by providing accurate information.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on SARS-CoV-2 evolution and vaccine immunology.
  • Analysis of the development pipeline for variant-adapted mRNA vaccines.
  • Examination of public health recommendations and vaccine campaign strategies.

Main Results:

  • Original COVID-19 vaccines require boosters due to viral evolution and waning immunity.
  • Variant-adapted mRNA vaccines incorporate Omicron sub-lineage components alongside wild-type antigens.
  • Monovalent XBB-based mRNA vaccines are available for late 2023 vaccination campaigns.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 necessitates updated vaccine formulations.
  • Variant-adapted mRNA vaccines are a critical tool in managing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Addressing misconceptions is vital for vaccine acceptance and public health.