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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...

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Reaction-Initiated Single-Molecule Tracking of Mass Transfer in Core-Shell Mesoporous Silica Particles.

Meek Yang1, Nourhan Mansour2, Tengxiang Huang3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States.

Analytical Chemistry
|January 22, 2024
PubMed
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Single-molecule tracking reveals host-guest dynamics in porous silica. Three-dimensional tracking offers precise insights into molecular diffusion and mass transfer, crucial for designing advanced separation materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Separation Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Understanding host-guest interactions in porous materials is key for separation science.
  • Single-molecule analysis reveals particle inhomogeneity and guides material design.
  • Mesoporous silica particles are widely used in separation applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate host-guest interaction dynamics in core-shell mesoporous silica particles.
  • To establish structure-property relationships for enhanced separation performance.
  • To quantitatively analyze mass transfer and the impact of electrostatic interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a fluorogenic reaction-initiated single-molecule tracking (riSMT) approach.
  • Employed three-dimensional (3D) tracking for high spatial precision of molecular dynamics.
  • Analyzed diffusion coefficients, adsorption/diffusion fractions, and residence times.

Main Results:

  • 3D tracking revealed significantly larger diffusion coefficients compared to 2D methods.
  • Quantified mass transfer parameters, including adsorption vs. diffusion fractions.
  • Identified substantial interparticle inhomogeneity affecting separation performance.

Conclusions:

  • riSMT provides precise insights into host-guest dynamics within mesoporous silica.
  • Interparticle inhomogeneity is a critical factor for separation efficiency.
  • Electrostatic interactions primarily influence mass transfer fractions, not diffusion rates.