Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Reinforcement01:23

Reinforcement

211
Positive and negative reinforcement are key concepts in operant conditioning, a learning process where the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, increasing the frequency of that behavior. For example:
211
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

179
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
179
Instinctive Drift01:05

Instinctive Drift

225
Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
225
Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

58
Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...
58
Social Exchange Theory02:06

Social Exchange Theory

34.5K
We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).
34.5K
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

1.7K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
1.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A unicellular walker controlled by a microtubule-based finite-state machine.

Current biology : CB·2022
Same author

Nanofluid Boiling on Micro/Nano-engineered Surfaces.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2021
Same author

Evolving Complexity in Cooperative and Competitive Noisy Prediction Games.

Artificial life·2019
Same author

Evolving Complexity in Prediction Games.

Artificial life·2019
Same author

Escalation of Memory Length in Finite Populations.

Artificial life·2019
Same author

Increasing Boiling Heat Transfer using Low Conductivity Materials.

Scientific reports·2015

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum
07:52

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Published on: February 12, 2017

8.7K

Emergent Resource Exchange and Tolerated Theft Behavior Using Multiagent Reinforcement Learning.

Jack Garbus1, Jordan Pollack2

  • 1Brandeis University, Department of Computer Science. garbus@brandeis.edu.

Artificial Life
|January 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Agents in a foraging environment developed a novel resource exchange protocol using a campfire. They learned to avoid direct cheating but exhibited tolerated theft behaviors without explicit punishment mechanisms.

Keywords:
Emergencebehaviorcooperationmultiagentreinforcement learning

More Related Videos

A Real-Time Interactive System for Studying Confrontational Pursuit Behavior in Rodents
06:25

A Real-Time Interactive System for Studying Confrontational Pursuit Behavior in Rodents

Published on: May 16, 2025

158
A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum
07:52

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Published on: February 12, 2017

8.7K
A Real-Time Interactive System for Studying Confrontational Pursuit Behavior in Rodents
06:25

A Real-Time Interactive System for Studying Confrontational Pursuit Behavior in Rodents

Published on: May 16, 2025

158
A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.4K

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary game theory
  • Agent-based modeling
  • Behavioral economics

Background:

  • The evolution of cooperation is a fundamental question across multiple disciplines.
  • Previous models often lack mechanisms for emergent social behaviors in resource exchange.
  • Understanding cooperation requires exploring environments that facilitate complex interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emergence of a novel resource exchange protocol in a simulated foraging environment.
  • To examine how agents learn to cooperate and avoid exploitation.
  • To observe the development of social behaviors, such as tolerated theft, in the absence of direct enforcement.

Main Methods:

  • Agent-based simulation of a foraging environment with resource exchange.
  • Introduction of a 'campfire' mechanism to increase agent congregation and interaction time.
  • Analysis of agent strategies for resource dropping and picking, and detection of cheating.

Main Results:

  • A novel and effective resource exchange protocol emerged spontaneously.
  • Agents learned to avoid direct cheating from exchange partners.
  • Behaviors analogous to tolerated theft were observed, even without explicit punishment or conflict mechanisms.
  • Avoidance of third-party cheating was not consistently learned.

Conclusions:

  • A campfire mechanism can facilitate the evolution of complex cooperation and resource exchange protocols.
  • Emergent behaviors like tolerated theft can arise in agent-based systems without direct enforcement.
  • Simulated environments can reveal novel insights into the evolution of social behaviors and cooperation.