Enhanced mono-aromatics production by the CH₄-assisted pyrolysis of microalgae using Zn-based HZSM-5 catalysts

This study presents the catalytic pyrolysis of microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris), using pure CH₄ and H₂-rich gas evolved from CH₄ decomposition on three different HZSM-5 catalysts loaded with Zn, Ga, and Pt, aimed specifically at producing high-value mono-aromatics such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). In comparison with that for the typical inert N₂ environment, a pure CH₄ environment increased the bio-oil yield from 32.4 wt% to 37.4 wt% probably due to hydrogen and methyl radical insertion in the bio-oil components. Furthermore, the addition of bimetals further increased bio-oil yield. For example, ZnPtHZ led to a bio-oil yield of 47.7 wt% in pure CH₄. ZnGaHZ resulted in the maximum BTEX yield (6.68 wt%), which could be explained by CH₄ activation, co-aromatization, and hydrodeoxygenation. The BTEX yield could be further increased to 7.62 wt% when pyrolysis was conducted in H₂-rich gas evolved from CH₄ decomposition over ZnGaHZ, as rates of aromatization and hydrodeoxygenation were relatively high under this condition. This study experimentally validated that the combination of ZnGaHZ and CH₄ decomposition synergistically increases BTEX production using C. vulgaris.