Functionalized Magnesium Phosphate Cement Induces In Situ Vascularized Bone Regeneration via Surface Lyophilization...

Bone defect repair poses significant challenges in orthopedics, thereby increasing the demand for bone substitutes. Magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) are widely used for bone defect repair because of their excellent mechanical properties and biodegradability. However, high crystallinity and uncontrolled magnesium ion (Mg²⁺) release limit the surface bioactivity of MPCs in bone regeneration. Here, we fabricate chondroitin sulfate (CS) as a surface coating via the lyophilization method, namely CMPC. We find that the CS coating is uniformly distributed and improves the mechanical properties of MPC through anionic electrostatic adsorption, while mediating degradation-related controlled ion release of Mg²⁺. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo analyses, we show that the CS coating maintained cytocompatibility while increasing the cell adhesion area of MC3T3-E1s. Furthermore, we display accelerated osteogenesis and angiogenesis of CMPC, which are related to appropriate ion concentration of Mg²⁺. Our findings reveal that the preparation of a lyophilized CS coating is an effective method to promote surface bioactivity and mediate Mg²⁺ concentration dependent osteogenesis and angiogenesis, which have great potential in bone regeneration.