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The Impact of Microglia on Neurodevelopment and Brain Function in Autism
Yuyi Luo1,2, Zhengbo Wang1,2
1State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
Abstract:
Microglia, as one of the main types of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), are widely distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord. The normal number and function of microglia are very important for maintaining homeostasis in the CNS. In recent years, scientists have paid widespread attention to the role of microglia in the CNS. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder, and patients with ASD have severe deficits in behavior, social skills, and communication. Most previous studies on ASD have focused on neuronal pathological changes, such as increased cell proliferation, accelerated neuronal differentiation, impaired synaptic development, and reduced neuronal spontaneous and synchronous activity. Currently, more and more research has found that microglia, as immune cells, can promote neurogenesis and synaptic pruning to maintain CNS homeostasis. They can usually reduce unnecessary synaptic connections early in life. Some researchers have proposed that many pathological phenotypes of ASD may be caused by microglial abnormalities. Based on this, we summarize recent research on microglia in ASD, focusing on the function of microglia and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. We aim to clarify the essential factors influenced by microglia in ASD and explore the possibility of microglia-related pathways as potential research targets for ASD.
Insights
Microglia, the brain's immune cells, play a crucial role in neurodevelopment. Abnormalities in microglia function may contribute to the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Immunology
- Developmental Biology
Background:
- Microglia are key glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), vital for maintaining CNS homeostasis.
- Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social, behavioral, and communication deficits.
- Previous ASD research predominantly focused on neuronal alterations, overlooking the role of immune cells.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current understanding of microglia function in the context of neurodevelopment.
- To explore the potential involvement of microglial abnormalities in the pathophysiology of ASD.
- To identify microglia-related pathways as potential therapeutic targets for ASD.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of recent research on microglia and ASD.
- Analysis of studies investigating microglial roles in neurogenesis and synaptic pruning.
- Synthesis of evidence linking microglial dysfunction to ASD phenotypes.
Main Results:
- Microglia are essential for normal neurogenesis and synaptic pruning during early development.
- Evidence suggests that microglial abnormalities may underlie various pathological features observed in ASD.
- Dysfunctional microglia can disrupt the delicate balance required for healthy brain development.
Conclusions:
- Microglia play a significant role in neurodevelopment and may be implicated in ASD pathogenesis.
- Targeting microglial function presents a promising avenue for future ASD research and potential interventions.
- Further investigation into microglia-CNS interactions is crucial for understanding and treating ASD.
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