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Related Concept Videos

Carbon-13 (¹³C) NMR: Overview01:10

Carbon-13 (¹³C) NMR: Overview

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Carbon-13 is a naturally occurring NMR-active isotope of carbon with a low natural abundance of 1.1%. In contrast, carbon-12 is the most abundant isotope of carbon with zero nuclear spin. Therefore, it is NMR inactive. The gyromagnetic ratio of carbon-13 is smaller than that of protons. As a result, carbon-13 resonance is about 6000 times weaker than proton resonance. For a given magnetic field strength, the resonance frequency of carbon-13 is about one-fourth of the resonance frequency for...
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Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR01:16

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Many organic, inorganic, and biological molecules contain spin-half nuclei such as nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, and phosphorus-31. As a result, NMR studies of these nuclei have found extensive applications in chemical and biological research.
While fluorine-19 and phosphorous-31 have high natural abundances (100%) and positive gyromagnetic ratios, nitrogen-15 has a low natural abundance and a negative gyromagnetic ratio. However, nitrogen-15 is still preferred over nitrogen-14 (which has a...
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
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¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution00:48

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution

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This lesson illustrates the role of deuterium substitution in simplifying the NMR spectrum of compounds comprising labile protons. One method employed is the use of deuterium. Amongst the three isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (2H) has a nucleus composed of one proton and one neutron. When the D2O solvent is added to a pure dry ethanol solution, its labile proton is substituted with deuterium.
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Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems01:15

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems

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Oxidative reactions are pivotal in metabolizing numerous compounds, including pharmaceutical drugs. These reactions often occur in carbon-heteroatom systems, such as carbon-nitrogen, carbon-sulfur, and carbon-oxygen.
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¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

1.1K
When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Solid Phase 11C-Methylation, Purification and Formulation for the Production of PET Tracers
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Gas Phase Transformations in Carbon-11 Chemistry.

Shuiyu Lu1, Sanjay Telu1, Fabrice G Siméon1

  • 1Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1003, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Carbon-11 (C-11) is vital for PET imaging tracers. This review details gas-phase reactions that convert C-11 into versatile labeling molecules, enhancing radiochemistry for diverse applications.

Keywords:
PETcarbon-11catalystsgas phaseon-line processesradiochemistryradiotracer

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Technical Aspect of the Automated Synthesis and Real-Time Kinetic Evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941
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Technical Aspect of the Automated Synthesis and Real-Time Kinetic Evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941
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Technical Aspect of the Automated Synthesis and Real-Time Kinetic Evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941

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Area of Science:

  • Radiochemistry
  • Nuclear Chemistry
  • Biomedical Imaging

Background:

  • Carbon-11 (C-11) is a short-lived positron-emitter crucial for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracer development.
  • Cyclotron production of C-11, primarily via the 14N(p,α)11C reaction, yields [11C]carbon dioxide and [11C]methane with high yields and molar activities.
  • While [11C]carbon dioxide has direct labeling utility, other primary products require efficient conversion for broader PET tracer synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review gas-phase transformations of carbon-11.
  • To summarize the role of these transformations in producing versatile labeling synthons.
  • To highlight advancements in carbon-11 radiochemistry for PET tracer development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of gas-phase reactions involving carbon-11.
  • Analysis of nuclear reactions for C-11 production.
  • Survey of radiochemical methods for converting primary C-11 products into labeling synthons.

Main Results:

  • Identified key gas-phase transformations of carbon-11.
  • Demonstrated the utility of these reactions for synthesizing diverse labeling synthons.
  • Highlighted the importance of efficient conversion for versatile PET tracer development.

Conclusions:

  • Gas-phase transformations are essential for expanding the utility of carbon-11 in PET tracer synthesis.
  • These methods enable the creation of a broad range of labeling synthons, facilitating diverse radiochemistry.
  • Advancements in C-11 chemistry through gas-phase reactions significantly contribute to biomedical research.