Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Inductive Reasoning00:59

Inductive Reasoning

60.5K
Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.
Inductive reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist makes observations and records them. This data can be qualitative or...
60.5K
Deductive Reasoning01:16

Deductive Reasoning

55.3K
Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning, which means that it uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can deduce and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid.
For example, a researcher can deduce specific predictions...
55.3K
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

10.9K
While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
10.9K
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

5.5K
The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
5.5K
Reasoning01:30

Reasoning

77
Reasoning is the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way. It is integral to problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. Reasoning can be inductive or deductive. Reasoning involves transforming information into conclusions, which is essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking.
Inductive reasoning involves deriving generalizations from specific observations. This type of reasoning helps form beliefs about the world. For example,...
77
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

3.4K
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
3.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Introduction of a Clinical Practice Guideline for Patella Reduction by Paramedics: The Effect on Pain Relief, Relocation, and Transport Decision.

Prehospital emergency care·2026
Same author

Respiratory Rate Measurement Using Mobile Applications in Healthcare Settings: A Scoping Review.

Healthcare technology letters·2026
Same author

Palliative paramedicine: An interrupted time series analysis of pre-hospital guideline efficacy.

Palliative medicine·2025
Same author

Paramedic clinical practice guideline development in Australia and New Zealand: A qualitative descriptive analysis.

Australasian emergency care·2024
Same author

Confidence and gradation in causal judgment.

Cognition·2022
Same author

Much Ado About Nothing: The Mental Representation of Omissive Relations.

Frontiers in psychology·2021
Same journal

Cross-linguistic patterns of cognitive biases in large language models: a comparative study in English, Hebrew, and Russian.

Frontiers in artificial intelligence·2026
Same journal

From human-like AI to user adoption: the role of trust, attitude, and social influence in shaping behavioral intention.

Frontiers in artificial intelligence·2026
Same journal

Building large-scale English-Romanian literary translation resources with open models.

Frontiers in artificial intelligence·2026
Same journal

Editorial: GenAI in healthcare: technologies, applications and evaluation.

Frontiers in artificial intelligence·2026
Same journal

Logic, inference, understanding: cross-domain generalization for generative language models.

Frontiers in artificial intelligence·2026
Same journal

Label tree semantic losses for rich multi-class medical image segmentation.

Frontiers in artificial intelligence·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.8K

Argument-based inductive logics, with coverage of compromised perception.

Selmer Bringsjord1, Michael Giancola1, Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu1

  • 1Rensselaer AI & Reasoning (RAIR) Lab, Department of Computer Science, Department of Cognitive Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States.

Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
|January 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a cognitive calculus with deductive and inductive reasoning for human-centric AI. It enables rational adjudication of complex arguments, moving beyond limitations of formal logic alone.

Keywords:
AIMonty Hall dilemmaargument and automated reasoningcognitive roboticscompromised perceptioninductive logic

More Related Videos

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

10.0K
Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

11.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2025

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.8K
Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

10.0K
Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

11.6K

Area of Science:

  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Cognitive Science
  • Logic and Reasoning

Background:

  • Formal deductive logic excels in mathematics and physics but struggles with adjudicating conflicting arguments.
  • Human-centric AI requires a framework that supports nuanced argumentation.
  • Existing AI systems often fail to account for human cognitive processes in reasoning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and employ a novel cognitive calculus integrating both deductive and inductive reasoning.
  • To develop automated reasoners (ShadowProver and ShadowAdjudicator) for AI argumentation.
  • To demonstrate the application of these tools in complex cognitive scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a deductive cognitive calculus () and an inductive cognitive calculus ().
  • Implementation of automated reasoners: ShadowProver for deductive and ShadowAdjudicator for inductive reasoning.
  • Case studies involving the Monty Hall Problem, a cognitive robot simulation (PERI.2), and a cognitive architecture (ARCADIA).

Main Results:

  • The cognitive calculus and automated reasoners effectively adjudicate arguments, including those based on likelihood and probability.
  • Demonstrated efficacy in simulations modeling human-level cognition, perception, and attention.
  • Exploration of persuasive arguments leveraging human cognitive deficiencies.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed cognitive calculus and automated reasoners offer a robust framework for human-centric AI argumentation.
  • This approach extends beyond traditional deductive logic to handle nuanced and time-dependent reasoning.
  • Future research directions include further engineering and application of these cognitive modeling tools.