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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

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Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Function and Cellular Metabolic Adaptation in Metabolic Diseases
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Innate Immune Activation and Mitochondrial ROS Invoke Persistent Cardiac Conduction System Dysfunction after

Deepthi Ashok, Ting Liu, Joseph Criscione

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
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    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    COVID-19 infection causes cardiac conduction system (CCS) dysfunction and arrhythmias, even after the virus is cleared. This persistent injury stems from innate immune system overactivation and oxidative stress, impacting long COVID Syndrome.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Immunology
    • Virology

    Background:

    • Cardiac risks, including arrhythmias, are associated with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and long COVID.
    • The precise mechanisms underlying COVID-19-related cardiac arrhythmias remain largely unknown.
    • This study investigates the acute and chronic effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the cardiac conduction system (CCS) using a hamster model.

    Conclusions:

    • COVID-19 leads to long-term CCS dysfunction and immune cell remodeling, driven indirectly by oxidative stress and overactive cardiac innate immune responses.
    • These findings highlight the role of innate immunity in COVID-19-associated cardiac issues and have significant implications for understanding and managing long COVID Syndrome.
    • Inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling and mitochondrial antioxidants mitigated both pulmonary and cardiac effects, suggesting potential therapeutic targets.