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Related Concept Videos

Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

6.3K
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection
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Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

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mRNA initiation and termination are spatially coordinated.

Ezequiel Calvo-Roitberg1, Christine L Carroll2, Sergey V Venev3

  • 1RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA.

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|January 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists discovered a new mechanism called the Positional Initiation-Termination Axis (PITA) that links mRNA 5' and 3' end choices. This coupling influences gene expression and protein diversity, particularly in longer genes.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection
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Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Transcriptomics

Background:

  • Precise mRNA transcriptome expression is vital for cell identity and function, with alternative isoforms generated from single gene sequences.
  • Regulation of mRNA isoform usage involves coordinated co-transcriptional processing, yet relationships between mRNA 5' and 3' end decisions remain unclear.

Conclusions:

  • PITA coupling is associated with multiple, overlapping chromatin domains and faster RNAPII trafficking across long genes.
  • Findings suggest spatial and kinetic mechanisms couple transcription initiation and mRNA 3' end decisions based on ordinal position.
  • This coupling mechanism defines the expression of specific mRNA isoforms, impacting cellular function and diversity.