Characteristic Plasmon Energies for 2D In₂Se₃ Phase Identification at Nanoscale

Two-dimensional (2D) materials with competing polymorphs offer remarkable potential to switch the associated 2D functionalities for novel device applications. Probing their phase transition and competition mechanisms requires nanoscale characterization techniques that can sensitively detect the nucleation of secondary phases down to single-layer thickness. Here we demonstrate nanoscale phase identification on 2D In₂Se₃ polymorphs, utilizing their distinct plasmon energies that can be distinguished by electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). The characteristic plasmon energies of In₂Se₃ polymorphs have been validated by first-principles calculations, and also been successfully applied to reveal phase transitions using in situ EELS. Correlating with in situ X-ray diffraction, we further derive a subtle difference in the valence electron density of In₂Se₃ polymorphs, consistent with their disparate electronic properties. The nanometer resolution and independence of orientation make plasmon-energy mapping a versatile technique for nanoscale phase identification on 2D materials.