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Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
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Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

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Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
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Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
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Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
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[Pain and cervical dystonia].

Feline Hamami1, Tobias Bäumer2

  • 1Institut für Systemische Motorikforschung, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Deutschland.

Schmerz (Berlin, Germany)
|January 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Pain is a frequent and significant issue in cervical dystonia, often dominating the patient experience. Botulinum toxin injections can effectively treat motor symptoms and alleviate pain, highlighting the importance of pain assessment in treatment planning.

Keywords:
Botulinum toxinCervical dystoniaMovement disordersPain assessmentPain questionnaires

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders
  • Pain Medicine

Context:

  • Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions.
  • Cervical dystonia, the most common form, affects the head, neck, and shoulders.
  • Pain and psychiatric symptoms are frequently reported alongside motor symptoms in cervical dystonia.

Purpose:

  • To review the incidence and evaluation of pain in cervical dystonia.
  • To summarize and discuss current treatment options and their effects on pain.
  • To highlight the importance of considering pain in the diagnosis and management of cervical dystonia.

Summary:

  • Pain is highly prevalent in cervical dystonia, often causing greater impairment than motor symptoms.
  • Botulinum toxin injections, used for motor symptoms, also demonstrate efficacy in pain relief.
  • Standardized questionnaires are available for pain assessment in cervical dystonia, though research on other dystonia forms is limited.

Impact:

  • Emphasizes the need to actively inquire about and address pain in cervical dystonia patients.
  • Suggests considering dystonia as a potential cause when patients present with unexplained pain.
  • Underscores the necessity for further research into the underlying mechanisms of pain in dystonia.