The influence of sentence focus on motor system activity in language comprehension and its temporal dynamics:...

Previous research has shown that individual experiences and experimental tasks can influence the occurrence of mental simulation during sentence comprehension. However, little research has focused on the effect of sentence focus on mental simulation and its temporal dynamics. Sentence focus refers to the hierarchical structure of information within a sentence, where focused information represents the most prominent and essential information. In contrast, nonfocused information provides a background for the focused information. The present study investigated whether sentence focus would affect the activity of the motor system in language comprehension and at which stage the effect of sentence focus occurred. We measured spontaneous arm muscle electrical activity by surface electromyography (sEMG) while participants read action-focused, nonaction-focused, and control sentences. We observed greater spontaneous muscle electrical activity in the flexor common muscle of the fingers when participants read action-focused sentences compared to nonaction-focused and control sentences. Additionally, there was an interactive trend between sentence type and time, spontaneous muscle electrical activity while reading action-focused sentences was observed in both early (1 ms to 300 ms after the presentation of the action phrase) and late time windows (901 ms to 1500 ms after the action phrase). The findings suggest that the motor system exhibits flexible engagement during language comprehension and the impact of sentence focus on motor system activity may be throughout both the lexical-semantic retrieval and sentence-meaning integration stages.