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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Multimodal 3D Printing of Phantoms to Simulate Biological Tissue
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A novel two-dimensional phantom for electrical impedance tomography using 3D printing.

Andrew Creegan1, Poul M F Nielsen2,3, Merryn H Tawhai2

  • 1Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand. acre018@aucklanduni.ac.nz.

Scientific Reports
|January 24, 2024
PubMed
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A novel 3D printed phantom offers improved resistivity and spatial resolution for electrical impedance tomography (EIT) development. This advancement enables better testing of EIT devices in realistic physiological conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Imaging Technology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) requires phantoms to simulate biological tissues for system development.
  • Existing EIT phantoms lack optimal performance in resistivity resolution, spatial resolution, and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel 3D printed conductive material phantom for electrical impedance tomography (EIT).
  • To demonstrate control over resistivity and manufacturing accuracy using 3D printing infill percentage.
  • To develop a method for electrical connections to 3D printed materials.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3D printing with conductive material, controlling resistivity via infill percentage.
  • Validated the resistivity control concept and quantified manufacturing accuracy.

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  • Developed and tested a method for electrical connections to the 3D printed phantom.
  • Printed a prototype phantom and performed EIT analysis.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved high spatial resolution: 6.9 µm (X/Y) and 2.5 µm (Z).
    • Manufactured 15 distinct resistivity levels by varying infill percentage.
    • Demonstrated the feasibility of the 3D printed phantom for EIT analysis.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed 3D printed phantom concept offers superior performance characteristics for EIT development.
    • This technique allows for automated manufacturing of phantoms with controlled resistivity contrasts.
    • The developed phantom facilitates the assessment of EIT devices under realistic physiological scenarios.