Enhancing photocatalytic CO₂ reduction with TiO₂-based materials: Strategies, mechanisms, challenges, and...

The concentration of atmospheric CO₂ has exceeded 400 ppm, surpassing its natural variability and raising concerns about uncontrollable shifts in the carbon cycle, leading to significant climate and environmental impacts. A promising method to balance carbon levels and mitigate atmospheric CO₂ rise is through photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂), renowned for its affordability, stability, availability, and eco-friendliness, stands out as an exemplary catalyst in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Various strategies have been proposed to modify TiO₂ for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction and improve catalytic activity and product selectivity. However, few studies have systematically summarized these strategies and analyzed their advantages, disadvantages, and current progress. Here, we comprehensively review recent advancements in TiO₂ engineering, focusing on crystal engineering, interface design, and reactive site construction to enhance photocatalytic efficiency and product selectivity. We discuss how modifications in TiO₂'s optical characteristics, carrier migration, and active site design have led to varied and selective CO₂ reduction products. These enhancements are thoroughly analyzed through experimental data and theoretical calculations. Additionally, we identify current challenges and suggest future research directions, emphasizing the role of TiO₂-based materials in understanding photocatalytic CO₂ reduction mechanisms and in designing effective catalysts. This review is expected to contribute to the global pursuit of carbon neutrality by providing foundational insights into the mechanisms of photocatalytic CO₂ reduction with TiO₂-based materials and guiding the development of efficient photocatalysts.