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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
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Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

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Frequently asked questions about the ISAPP postbiotic definition.

Gabriel Vinderola1, Mary Ellen Sanders2, Marla Cunningham3

  • 1Instituto de LactologĂ­a Industrial (CONICET-UNL), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.

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Summary

This paper clarifies the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) definition of postbiotics, which are inanimate microbial preparations conferring health benefits. It addresses concerns and aims to foster a common understanding of postbiotic scope, safety, and efficacy.

Keywords:
ISAPPInternational Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebioticsbioticinanimate microorganismpostbiotics

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Nutrition Science
  • Health Sciences

Background:

  • The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) defined postbiotics as inanimate microbial preparations conferring health benefits.
  • Concerns and alternative definitions for postbiotics and inactivated microbes have emerged since the ISAPP definition.
  • Discussions have occurred in scientific meetings, social media, and personal communications regarding the ISAPP definition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address questions and concerns raised about the ISAPP definition of postbiotics.
  • To clarify the rationale, scope, wording, composition, and commercial implementation of postbiotics.
  • To establish expectations for postbiotic safety, efficacy, quantification, and mechanisms of action.

Main Methods:

  • Review and discussion of the ISAPP definition of postbiotics.
  • Analysis of concerns and alternative perspectives on postbiotic terminology.
  • Exploration of key aspects including safety, efficacy, quantification, and mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The paper aims to provide a clearer understanding of the postbiotic definition and its scope.
  • It seeks to support a unified comprehension of the postbiotic concept among stakeholders.
  • Key areas such as safety, efficacy, and mechanisms are examined to refine the definition.

Conclusions:

  • Further clarification of the postbiotic definition is needed to address existing concerns.
  • A common understanding of postbiotics is essential for scientific and commercial progress.
  • This work contributes to refining the definition and scope of postbiotics for broader acceptance.