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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...

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Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor

Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor

Published on: March 10, 2023

Operando Mobile Catalysis for Reverse Water Gas Shift Reaction.

Haojie Liang^1,2,3, Bin Zhang^1,2, Mei Hong^1,2

¹State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 030001, Taiyuan, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|January 25, 2024

Summary

Introducing operando mobile catalysis, where mobile platinum (Pt) single atoms on ceria (CeO2) enhance catalytic efficiency. This approach converts inert intermediates, significantly boosting performance in the reverse water gas shift reaction.

Keywords:

Mobile catalysis RWGS carbonate collision probability mobile Pt species

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Area of Science:

Heterogeneous catalysis
Surface chemistry
Materials science

Background:

Metal atoms on supports are active sites in heterogeneous catalysts.
Traditionally, active sites and adsorbed intermediates are considered static, limiting reactivity.
Intermediates distant from active sites often remain untransformed.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and demonstrate operando mobile catalysis for enhanced catalytic efficiency.
To enable the transformation of inert intermediates on catalyst supports.
To improve the collision probability between active sites and reactants/intermediates.

Main Methods:

Utilizing ligand-coordinated platinum (Pt) single atoms on ceria (CeO2).
Inducing the transformation of isolated MeCpPt- species into mobile MeCpPt(H)CO complexes during reaction.
Investigating the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction under operando conditions.

Main Results:

Achieved a turnover frequency (TOF) of 6358 mol CO2 mol_Pt^-1 h^-1.
Obtained 99% CO selectivity at 300°C for the RWGS reaction.
Demonstrated the conversion of inert carbonate intermediates on the CeO2 support.

Conclusions:

Operando mobile catalysis significantly enhances catalytic efficiency by increasing reactant-site proximity.
This strategy successfully converts inert carbonate intermediates, overcoming a key limitation in heterogeneous catalysis.
Mobile Pt single atoms on CeO2 offer a promising platform for designing highly efficient catalysts for various applications.