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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic reprogramming as a key to reverse ageing and increase longevity.

Beatriz Pereira1, Francisca P Correia1, Inês A Alves1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.

Ageing Research Reviews
|January 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists are exploring epigenetic reprogramming to reverse cellular aging and extend healthspan. This review covers reprogramming strategies, epigenetic clocks, and the future of longevity biotechnology, aiming to promote healthy aging.

Keywords:
DNA methylationEpigenetic clockEpigenetic reprogrammingHistonesLongevitySmall molecules

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Molecular Biology
  • Gerontology and Longevity Research
  • Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Background:

  • Aging is characterized by cellular decline and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases, linked to epigenetic modifications.
  • Epigenetic alterations play a crucial role in the aging process and the development of age-related pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major epigenetic changes during aging.
  • To highlight current epigenetic reprogramming strategies for rejuvenation.
  • To discuss the role of epigenetic clocks and future socio-economic/ethical challenges in longevity biotechnology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on epigenetic modifications in aging.
  • Analysis of transcription factor-based partial reprogramming techniques.
  • Discussion of chemical-based rejuvenation strategies (e.g., small molecules, inhibitors).

Main Results:

  • Partial reprogramming can reset the aging clock without erasing cellular identity.
  • Epigenetic clocks provide tools for assessing aging and evaluating reprogramming efficacy.
  • The longevity biotech industry is rapidly advancing, presenting new opportunities and challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming offers promising avenues for tackling age-related defects and potentially reversing cellular aging.
  • Interventions promoting healthy aging are crucial, alongside considerations for socio-economic and ethical implications.
  • Further research is inspired to promote healthy aging for all.