Preventing the Argentinian flag sign and managing anterior capsular tears: A review

The Argentinian flag sign (AFS) is a feared complication during cataract extraction. Intralenticular pressures, especially excessive posterior pressure, have been identified as potential mechanisms for capsular stress and tearing associated with AFS. Capsular tension is created by positive intralenticular pressures, which cause the irido-lens diaphragm to move anteriorly once the manual capsulorhexis has been initiated. This tension can cause inadvertent tears that self-propagate to the lens equator, causing an AFS, among other intraoperative complications. Thus, this review highlights the importance of identifying intumescent cataracts as well as a combination of techniques to relieve intracapsular pressures needed to prevent AFS. However, some instances of anterior capsular tears are unavoidable. Therefore, focus will also be placed on techniques during cataract extraction used to manage anterior capsular tears, mitigating extension to the posterior capsule.