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Rapid deterioration in buried leather: archaeological implications.

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Vegetable tanning aids long-term preservation of leather in wet soil, despite rapid de-tanning and microbial activity impacting lipids. Mineral components also influence degradation processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Archaeological science
  • Materials science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Archaeological leather degradation impacts understanding of historic communities.
  • Burial conditions pose significant risks to leather preservation.
  • Vegetable-tanned leather's long-term survival is influenced by complex degradation and preservation processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the survival, destruction, and preservation mechanisms of vegetable-tanned leather.
  • To analyze chemical changes in leather following experimental burial and in archaeological contexts.
  • To compare FTIR-ATR data from experimentally buried and archaeological leather samples.

Main Methods:

  • Non-destructive Fourier-transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy was applied.
  • Experimentally buried vegetable-tanned leather and archaeological leather from Vindolanda, UK were analyzed.
  • Changes in chemical functional groups of tannins, collagen, and lipids were monitored.

Main Results:

  • Rapid changes, likely microbial, targeted lipids but not collagen in experimentally buried leather.
  • FTIR-ATR spectra indicated rapid de-tanning in wet soil, making archaeological leather resemble untanned samples.
  • Vegetable tanning promoted long-term leather preservation in wet soil despite de-tanning.

Conclusions:

  • FTIR-ATR analysis effectively revealed destructive de-tanning in waterlogged environments.
  • The vegetable-tanning method is crucial for long-term leather preservation in wet burial conditions.
  • Mineral components and sample heterogeneity are important factors influencing leather degradation and preservation, requiring consideration within larger datasets.