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Related Concept Videos

The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

834
The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
834
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

274
The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
274
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

391
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
391
Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

738
The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
738
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

363
The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
363
Menopause01:28

Menopause

166
Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Menstruation in the USA.

Malini Ramaiyer1, Bethlehem Lulseged1, Rachel Michel2

  • 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.

Current Epidemiology Reports
|January 26, 2024
PubMed
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Menstruation significantly impacts psychology, education, and policy, with disparities in access and cultural acceptance. Addressing these issues requires improved menstrual health education and research for universal equity.

Keywords:
disparitieseducationmenstruationpolicypsychologyreligion

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Area of Science:

  • Social Sciences
  • Public Health
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Menstruation is a universal biological process with profound societal implications.
  • It intersects with psychological well-being, education systems, economic factors, public policy, racial disparities, and religious beliefs.
  • Understanding these connections is crucial for addressing menstrual health comprehensively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a narrative review exploring the multifaceted relationship between menstruation and various societal spheres.
  • To highlight the psychological, educational, economic, policy, racial, and religious dimensions of menstruation.
  • To identify gaps in current understanding and suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • This study employed a narrative review methodology.
  • It synthesized existing literature on menstruation's societal impacts.
  • No primary data collection was involved.

Main Results:

  • Psychological impacts include premenstrual syndrome and stress-induced amenorrhea.
  • Menstrual health education is inconsistent, and access to menstrual products presents a financial burden, particularly for vulnerable populations.
  • Racial disparities, such as higher fibroid incidence in Black individuals, and religious stigma surrounding menstruation were identified.
  • Policy initiatives like menstrual equity aim to improve access to products.

Conclusions:

  • Menstruation, considered a "fifth vital sign," requires enhanced education, research, and cultural acceptance.
  • Significant disparities in menstrual health persist across psychological, educational, economic, and racial lines.
  • Future research should focus on developing interventions to bridge these gaps and promote menstrual equity.