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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19
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New advances in type 1 diabetes.

Savitha Subramanian1, Farah Khan1, Irl B Hirsch1

  • 1University of Washington Diabetes Institute, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
|January 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Type 1 diabetes management has advanced with continuous glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery, improving patient outcomes. However, global access to essential diabetes supplies remains a significant challenge.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease causing insulin deficiency and beta cell loss.
  • Despite over a century of insulin therapy, lifelong management is required.
  • Recent research has deepened understanding of type 1 diabetes genetics and immunology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in type 1 diabetes diagnosis and treatment.
  • To explore future directions in type 1 diabetes research and care.
  • To highlight disparities in essential diabetes care access globally.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent developments in type 1 diabetes.
  • Analysis of new diagnostic biomarkers and staging criteria.

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  • Evaluation of emerging therapeutic interventions and technologies.

    • Main Results:

    • Biomarkers enable early detection, with three disease stages now recognized.
    • Continuous glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery improve glycemic control and reduce hypoglycemia.
    • Potential adjunctive therapies include SGLT-1 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant progress in type 1 diabetes care has been made.
    • Technological advancements have transformed management, but global access issues persist.
    • Future research directions include disease modification and improved accessibility of care.