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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

10.2K
Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
10.2K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

5.8K
Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
5.8K
Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect02:35

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect

8.6K
In the presence of organic peroxides, the addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene yields the isomer that is not predicted by Markovnikov’s rule. For example, the addition of hydrogen bromide to 2-methylpropene in the presence of peroxides gives 1-bromo-2-methylpropane. This addition reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism, which reverses the regioselectivity. The free radical reaction mechanism involves three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.
8.6K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.3K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.3K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

12.0K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
12.0K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

11.5K
Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
11.5K

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Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation
09:58

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation

Published on: May 22, 2016

11.7K

Indirect H2O2 synthesis without H2.

Arthur G Fink1, Roxanna S Delima2,3, Alexandra R Rousseau3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.

Nature Communications
|January 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrochemical hydrogenation offers a carbon-neutral route for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesis. A novel membrane reactor achieves high rates, paving the way for sustainable industrial production.

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Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor
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Author Spotlight: Design and Evaluation of Au-Electroplated Carbon Fiber Cloth Electrodes for Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Electrochemical Engineering
  • Sustainable Chemical Synthesis

Background:

  • Industrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production relies on carbon-intensive processes.
  • Existing electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH) methods for H2O2 synthesis lack commercial viability due to low formation rates.
  • A sustainable alternative is needed to reduce the carbon footprint of H2O2 manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a faster and more efficient electrochemical method for synthesizing hydrogen peroxide.
  • To investigate the use of a membrane reactor for electrochemically hydrogenating anthraquinones.
  • To establish a pathway for carbon-neutral H2O2 production.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a membrane reactor for the electrochemical hydrogenation of anthraquinone (0.25 molar).
  • Operated the system at high current densities (100 mA/cm²).
  • Demonstrated continuous H2O2 synthesis over a 48-hour period.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a high current efficiency of 70% for anthraquinone hydrogenation.
  • Demonstrated a significantly fast rate of electrochemically-driven anthraquinone hydrogenation (1.32 ± 0.14 mmol/h/cm²).
  • Successfully synthesized hydrogen peroxide continuously for 48 hours.

Conclusions:

  • The membrane reactor enables efficient and rapid electrochemical hydrogenation of anthraquinone.
  • This method offers a promising pathway for the carbon-neutral synthesis of hydrogen peroxide.
  • The achieved rates are competitive for potential commercialization of sustainable H2O2 production.