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Related Concept Videos

Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
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Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Inflammatory Response01:28

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Development of an Antigen-driven Colitis Model to Study Presentation of Antigens by Antigen Presenting Cells to T Cells
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Citric Acid Promotes Immune Function by Modulating the Intestinal Barrier.

Pengcheng Hu1, Meng Yuan1, Bolun Guo2

  • 1Joint Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Prevention and Control of Fujian-Nepal, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Citric acid enhances gut health by improving intestinal structure and beneficial bacteria. It also strengthens the gut barrier and combats influenza virus infections, offering a potential alternative to antibiotics.

Keywords:
H9N2 influenza viruscitric acidgut microorganismsintestinal barriermetabolomics

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Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis
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Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis
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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Growing antibiotic resistance necessitates alternative therapeutic agents.
  • Citric acid is an organic compound with diverse applications.
  • Understanding its role in gut health and immunity is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of citric acid on mouse intestinal tight junctions.
  • To evaluate citric acid's impact on gut microbiota and host immunity.
  • To assess citric acid's efficacy against avian influenza virus in the gut.

Main Methods:

  • Administration of citric acid to mice.
  • Analysis of intestinal morphology and villus-crypt ratio.
  • Microbiota profiling and gene expression analysis (occludin, ZO-1, claudin-1).
  • Infection of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) with H9N2 avian influenza virus.

Main Results:

  • Citric acid promoted intestinal epithelial cell growth and enhanced villus-crypt ratio.
  • Increased populations of beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus) were observed.
  • Upregulation of tight junction proteins (occludin, ZO-1, claudin-1) was noted.
  • Citric acid reduced viral gene expression, inflammation, and H9N2 influenza virus replication.

Conclusions:

  • Citric acid fortifies the intestinal tight junction barrier.
  • It inhibits intestinal influenza virus replication and boosts immune function.
  • Citric acid presents a promising alternative agent for gut health and viral infections.