Causative mechanisms and clinical impact of immunoglobulin deficiencies in ataxia telangiectasia

Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is characterized by cerebellar ataxia, telangiectasia, immunodeficiency, and increased cancer susceptibility and is caused by mutations in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. The immunodeficiency comprises predominantly immunoglobulin deficiency, mainly IgA and IgG₂, with a variable severity. So far, the exact mechanisms underlying the immunoglobulin deficiency, especially the variable severity, remain unelucidated.

We characterized the clinical impact of immunoglobulin deficiencies in AT and elucidated their mechanisms in AT.

We analyzed long-term immunoglobulin levels, immunophenotyping, and survival time in our cohort (n = 87, median age 16 years; maximum 64 years). Somatic hypermutation and class-switch junctions in B cells were analyzed by next-generation sequencing. Furthermore, an in vitro class-switching induction assay was performed, followed by RNA sequencing, to assess the effect of ATM inhibition.

Only the hyper-IgM AT phenotype significantly worsened survival time, while IgA or IgG₂ deficiencies did not. The immunoglobulin levels showed predominantly decreased IgG₂ and IgA. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated reduced naive B and T lymphocytes and a deficiency of class-switched IgG₂ and IgA memory B cells. Somatic hypermutation frequencies were lowered in IgA- and IgG₂-deficient patients, indicating hampered germinal center reaction. In addition, the microhomology of switch junctions was elongated, suggesting alternative end joining during class-switch DNA repair. The in vitro class switching and proliferation were negatively affected by ATM inhibition. RNA sequencing analysis showed that ATM inhibitor influenced expression of germinal center reaction genes.

Immunoglobulin deficiency in AT is caused by disturbed development of class-switched memory B cells. ATM deficiency affects both germinal center reaction and choice of DNA-repair pathway in class switching.