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Hallucinogens and Psychedelics01:27

Hallucinogens and Psychedelics

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Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...
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Microdosing Psychedelics: Current Evidence From Controlled Studies.

Robin J Murphy1, Suresh Muthukumaraswamy1, Harriet de Wit2

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Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging
|January 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microdosing psychedelic drugs like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) shows potential for psychotherapeutic effects. Controlled studies indicate low LSD doses are safe and produce acute neural and behavioral changes in healthy adults.

Keywords:
Lysergic acid diethylamideMicrodosingPsychedelics

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Area of Science:

  • Psychopharmacology
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Microdosing, the practice of taking regular low doses of psychedelic drugs, has gained attention for potential therapeutic benefits.
  • Controlled scientific evaluations of microdosing, particularly with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), have been limited.
  • This review focuses on rigorously controlled studies to assess the effects of LSD microdosing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize evidence from controlled studies on the acute and repeated effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) microdosing.
  • To evaluate the safety and physiological, behavioral, and subjective effects of LSD microdosing in healthy adults.
  • To identify gaps in the research and suggest future directions for microdosing studies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 14 studies meeting rigorous experimental control criteria.
  • Inclusion of studies using double-blind, placebo-controlled designs with investigator-supplied lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
  • Analysis of demographic data and dependent measures including physiological, behavioral, and subjective effects.

Main Results:

  • Acute microdoses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (5-20 μg) dose-dependently affected blood pressure, sleep, neural connectivity, social cognition, mood, and perception.
  • Perceptible effects were noted at 10-20 μg LSD, but not at 5 μg.
  • No serious adverse effects were reported; repeated LSD doses did not alter mood or cognition.

Conclusions:

  • Low doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) appear safe and induce acute neural and behavioral effects in healthy adults.
  • Further research is needed to explore these effects in patient populations and with other psychedelic compounds.
  • Investigating microdosing as a potential pharmacological treatment for psychiatric disorders warrants further study.